Hand Mixer vs. Stand Mixer: Which is Right for You in 2025?

Molly Breckenhood
Molly Breckenhood
Hand Mixer vs. Stand Mixer: Which is Right for You in 2025?

Choosing the right mixer can significantly elevate your cooking and baking experience, but with so many options, it can be tough to decide between a hand mixer and a stand mixer. This in-depth guide, updated for 2025, breaks down the key differences, pros, and cons of each type of mixer, helping you understand which one best suits your culinary needs and lifestyle. We'll explore factors like power, ease of use, storage, and the types of recipes each excels at, ensuring you make an informed decision whether you're a casual baker or a dedicated home chef. Discover the perfect tool to enhance your kitchen and streamline your cooking process.

Our top picks

The Most Portable Mixer for Small Spaces: Kitchen Wand 3in1 Multi-tool, $129.00

Hand Mixer: Ideal for Quick Tasks

Discover the best hand mixers for small batches and quick mixing needs in the kitchen.

Breville Handy Mix Scraper

Breville Handy Mix Scraper

$129.95

If you want a hand mixer that balances power and quiet operation, the Breville Handy Mix Scraper is a strong contender—during our review its 240 W motor handled most batters smoothly. We found the multiple speed settings give good control and cleaning was straightforward, but our testing also showed the rubber coating on beaters can wear over time and the unit is heavier than many hand mixers. It earned an 8/10 for that practical mix of performance and usability, just be mindful of long-term wear on coated beaters.

The Good

The mixer operates quietly, enhancing the user experience.

The Bad

The rubber coating on the beaters may wear off over time, potentially contaminating food.

The mixer is relatively heavy, which might be cumbersome for some users.

Power: 240 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Reviews
Oster Hand Mixer with HEATSOFT Technology

Oster Hand Mixer with HEATSOFT Technology

$88.19

The Oster Hand Mixer stands out with HEATSOFT technology that softens cold butter up to 12 times faster, and during our testing that really speeds up cookie prep and frosting work. Its 270 W motor is fine for everyday mixing, but we found the unit is heavier than many competitors and inserting beaters can be frustrating at first. With a middling 5.5/10 score the mixer is a budget-friendly shortcut for immediate baking, though our experience suggests buyers who mix frequently might prefer a lighter, more reliable model.

The Good

The HEATSOFT technology softens cold butter 12 times faster, allowing for immediate baking without prior preparation.

The Bad

The mixer is heavier than many competitors, which may cause fatigue during extended use.

Some users have reported difficulty inserting the beaters, leading to frustration during setup.

Power: 270 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Beater,Dough Hook,Whisk / Ease of Cleaning: true

Dualit Hand Mixer

Dualit Hand Mixer

$89.99

The Dualit Hand Mixer impressed in our testing with a powerful 400 W motor and four speed settings that let you move from gentle folding to faster whipping quickly. We found it handles a wide variety of tasks and comes with flat beaters, dough hooks and a balloon whisk, earning a respectable 7/10 for performance. Be aware that the retractable cord can be fiddly, the mixer is heavier than many competitors and it gets louder at high speeds — factors to weigh if you mix for long stretches.

The Good

Powerful 400W motor handles a variety of baking tasks.

Four speed settings provide versatile control.

Includes flat beaters, dough hooks, and balloon whisk.

The Bad

Retractable cord mechanism can be tricky to operate smoothly.

Heavier than typical hand mixers, causing fatigue with prolonged use.

Louder motor noise at higher speeds.

Power: 400 watts / Speed Settings: 2-5 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

All in One

All in One

$159.95

The Breville All in One earned our top-rated spot with a 9.5/10 thanks to a compact, lightweight design and a built-in scale that makes precise recipes ridiculously easy during our testing. We found the versatile attachments handled mixing, slicing and chopping very capably at home, but in our experience the food processor bowl can crack and the S-blade doesn’t always chop as evenly as expected. Despite those caveats—like occasional parts shortages—its combination of convenience and performance makes it a standout for cooks who want one machine to do many jobs.

The Good

Compact design saves counter space.

Lightweight for easy handling.

Versatile with multiple attachments.

The Bad

Food processor bowl prone to cracking.

Replacement parts may be out of stock.

S-blade may not chop as evenly as expected.

Power: 280 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Slicing,Chopping / Ease of Cleaning: true

SMEG Hand Mixer

SMEG Hand Mixer

$169.95

During our review the SMEG Hand Mixer stood out for its modern controls — the backlit LED display with speed and time indicators gives fine control over mixing. With a 250 W motor and ergonomic design it’s comfortable and reliable for batters and whipping, and it earned a respectable 7/10 for that combination. Our experience shows the main drawback is price: at a premium compared with many peers, budget-conscious buyers may find better value elsewhere despite its polished features.

The Good

The mixer features a backlit LED display with speed and time indicators, enhancing user control.

The Bad

The Smeg Hand Mixer is priced higher than many competitors, which may deter budget-conscious buyers.

Power: 250 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

KitchenAid Ultra Power Hand Mixer

KitchenAid Ultra Power Hand Mixer

$61.74

We found the KitchenAid Ultra Power Hand Mixer is a great everyday tool if you want lightweight comfort without breaking the bank — its ergonomic design and five versatile speeds make quick tasks easy. In our testing the stainless-steel turbo beaters held up well, but the 60 W motor can feel underpowered for very dense doughs and the short cord limits movement. With a 7.5/10 score it’s a strong choice for casual bakers who value affordability and ease of use.

The Good

Lightweight and ergonomically designed for comfort.

Five versatile speeds for different mixing needs.

Durable stainless steel turbo beaters for heavy-duty mixing.

The Bad

Cord length is limited, restricting movement.

Slightly underpowered for very dense doughs.

Plastic body feels less robust than metal alternatives.

Power: 60 watts / Speed Settings: 2-5 / Included Attachments: Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

KitchenAid Cordless Hand Mixer

KitchenAid Cordless Hand Mixer

$99.95

If countertop freedom matters, the KitchenAid Cordless Hand Mixer delivers — we liked the cordless convenience and Soft Start feature that prevents splatter during initial mixing. During our review its lightweight, ergonomic feel made it easy to handle, but durability concerns and the lack of extra attachments hurt its long-term utility; some users reported beaters breaking after minimal use. Also keep in mind you can’t use it while charging, so battery management is essential if you’re mid-recipe.

The Good

Cordless design offers freedom and flexibility in the kitchen.

Soft Start feature gradually increases speed to prevent splattering.

Lightweight and easy to handle during use.

The Bad

Some users report issues with durability, such as beaters breaking after a few uses.

Lacks additional attachments like a whisk or dough hooks.

Cannot be used while charging, which may be inconvenient if the battery runs out mid-use.

Power: 12V battery / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Power Advantage PLUS 9 Speed Hand Mixer

Power Advantage PLUS 9 Speed Hand Mixer

$99.95

We found the Power Advantage PLUS 9 Speed Hand Mixer offers solid power and comfort in hand, and its multiple speed settings make it versatile for a variety of mixing tasks. In our testing the unit felt sturdy and ergonomic, but it runs quite loud at top speeds and the short attachments limit reach into deeper bowls. Earning a 7/10, it’s a good middle-ground option if you prioritize power and handling, though noise and attachment length are worth considering.

The Good

The mixer is powerful and comfortable to use.

The Bad

The mixer is quite loud on high speeds.

The attachments are short, which can be problematic.

Power: 220 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Kenwood HMP40 Hand Mixer

Kenwood HMP40 Hand Mixer

$1,000.00

In our testing the Kenwood HMP40 delivers dependable performance with a 350 W motor and compact design that includes integrated attachment storage, which we found handy for small kitchens. It earned an 8/10 for versatility and power, but our experience shows the speed-control slider is fiddly and the storage mechanism can feel insecure; the mixer may also sit unsteadily if left with attachments attached. Given the high asking price, consider whether the compact convenience justifies the investment.

The Good

The 350W motor provides ample power for various mixing tasks.

The 5-speed settings offer versatility for different recipes.

The compact design with integrated storage makes it space-efficient.

The Bad

The speed control slider can be awkward to use.

The attachment storage mechanism is fiddly and may not secure attachments well.

The mixer may feel unsteady when set down with attachments still in place.

Power: 350 watts / Speed Settings: 2-5 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Reviews
Hamilton Beach Power Deluxe Hand Mixer

Hamilton Beach Power Deluxe Hand Mixer

$19.49

If you’re shopping on a shoestring, the Hamilton Beach Power Deluxe is tempting — we liked the snap-on storage case that keeps attachments organized and accessible for quick jobs. During our review the 275 W motor handled basic mixing, but the unit proved noisy at higher speeds and the ON switch requires an awkward amount of force to engage. With a 5.5/10 score it’s a budget-friendly choice for occasional use, but don’t expect long-term reliability or quiet operation.

The Good

The mixer includes a snap-on storage case that keeps attachments organized and easily accessible.

The Bad

The mixer can be noisy, especially at higher speeds.

The ON switch is difficult to press, requiring significant effort to turn on the mixer.

Power: 275 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Beater,Whisk / Ease of Cleaning: true

Dash SmartStore Deluxe Hand Mixer

Dash SmartStore Deluxe Hand Mixer

$29.99

If you want a no-frills, budget-friendly hand mixer, the Dash SmartStore Deluxe (150 W, $29.99) is a solid pick for quick jobs — in our testing its compact, lightweight design and handy beater storage clips made it easy to handle and keep attachments organized. We found the two-to-five speed range and included whisk and beater work well for batters and small batches, but our experience shows the shorter-than-standard beaters struggle to reach the bottom of deep bowls. Also, the lowest speed still feels quite fast and can splatter delicate mixtures, so expect to babysit delicate tasks; overall it earned a respectable 7/10 for casual use and easy cleaning.

The Good

Compact and lightweight design makes it easy to handle and store.

Beater storage clips on the side of the mixer prevent loss and keep attachments organized.

The Bad

Beaters are shorter than standard, making it difficult to reach the bottom of deeper mixing bowls.

Lowest speed setting is still quite fast, making it challenging to mix delicate ingredients without splattering.

Power: 150 watts / Speed Settings: 2-5 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Braun Multimix 2 Hand Mixer

Braun Multimix 2 Hand Mixer

$69.95

During our review the Braun Multimix 2 impressed as a dependable mid-range hand mixer — its 500 W motor and four speeds plus turbo give it enough pep for regular mixing chores and the lightweight design reduced arm fatigue in longer sessions. We found the included whisk and dough hook expand capability beyond simple batters, but our experience shows the plastic housing feels less durable than metal-bodied rivals and the short power cord limits where you can mix in the kitchen. With a 7.5/10 score it’s a practical everyday choice if you aren’t pushing it for heavy, continuous dough work.

The Good

Lightweight design reduces arm fatigue during extended use.

The Bad

Plastic housing may feel less durable compared to metal-bodied mixers.

Short power cord limits mobility in the kitchen.

Power: 500 watts / Speed Settings: 4 speeds + turbo / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook / Ease of Cleaning: true

Kitchen Wand 3in1 Multi-tool

Kitchen Wand 3in1 Multi-tool

$129.00

In our testing the Kitchen Wand 3in1 cordless multi-tool is a convenient, grab-and-go option — its cordless freedom and dishwasher-safe attachments make quick blending or whisking around the kitchen painless. We found the 250 W motor and two-to-five speed range handle light tasks well, but our experience shows the battery can die unexpectedly mid-use and it struggles with tougher ingredients, leaving larger pieces unprocessed. Scoring 6.5/10, it’s great for portability and cleanup, but plan on a backup for heavy soups, smoothies or extended blending jobs.

The Good

The Kitchen Wand is cordless, allowing for easy movement without dealing with clunky cords.

The attachments are dishwasher-safe, making cleaning the Kitchen Wand a breeze.

The Bad

The Kitchen Wand's battery can die unexpectedly during use, potentially interrupting food preparation.

The Kitchen Wand struggles with blending tough ingredients, leaving larger pieces unprocessed.

Power: 250 watts / Speed Settings: 2-5 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Reviews

Stand Mixer: For Serious Baking Enthusiasts

Explore stand mixers' power and capacity for elaborate recipes and large quantities.

Smeg 50's Retro Stand Mixer

Smeg 50's Retro Stand Mixer

$399.95

If you’re after style and substance, the Smeg 50's Retro Stand Mixer is hard to beat — its iconic 50s design doubles as a countertop showpiece and its 600 W motor delivers dependable mixing power. During our review we found the included whisk, dough hook, flat beater and splash guard handle everyday baking and contribute to a premium feel. It earned its 9/10 score for build and design, but our experience shows it's heavy, pricier than many models and the speed control can feel too sensitive.

The Good

The mixer features a stylish 50's retro design that adds a charming aesthetic to any kitchen.

It has a powerful 600 W motor that provides strong performance for mixing a variety of ingredients.

It comes with essential attachments including a dough hook, whisk, flat beater, and splash guard.

The Bad

The mixer is heavy, making it less portable and difficult to store.

The mixer is on the pricier side compared to other stand mixers.

Some users reported difficulties with the speed control settings being too sensitive.

Power: 600 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: false

Artisan Mini Stand Mixer

Artisan Mini Stand Mixer

$349.99

For small kitchens the Artisan Mini Stand Mixer is a smart pick; during our review we appreciated its compact footprint and three standard attachments that tackle everyday mixing without crowding the counter. We found the 250 W motor handles batters and light doughs well, but while not the highest scorer it can struggle with heavy bread doughs. It earned an 8/10 for balancing performance and space-saving design, and our experience shows it's a great choice if you prioritize storage and easy cleanup.

The Good

Compact size makes it suitable for smaller kitchens.

The Bad

Limited motor size may struggle with heavier doughs.

Power: 250 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Reviews
COOKLEE Stand Mixer

COOKLEE Stand Mixer

$134.99

The COOKLEE Stand Mixer delivers an eye-catching 9.5-quart bowl that makes it ideal for large batches—during our testing we liked the capacity for big cookie sheets and holiday cakes. Its 660 W motor promises power, but we found it can struggle with heavy-duty doughs and the unit's overall large footprint may dominate smaller counters. While priced affordably (hence its mid-range 6/10 score), our experience shows it's best for batch bakers with space to spare rather than compact kitchens.

The Good

The mixer offers a generous 9.5-quart capacity, suitable for large batches.

The Bad

The 660W motor may struggle with heavy-duty doughs, affecting performance.

The mixer's large size may occupy significant counter space, which could be a concern for smaller kitchens.

Power: 660 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Precision Master Stand Mixer

Precision Master Stand Mixer

$319.95

The Precision Master Stand Mixer impressed us with a robust 500 W motor and a roomy 5.5-quart stainless-steel bowl, so during our review it handled large cookie and cake batters without flinching. It earned an 8.5/10 for that heavy-duty performance and attractive color options, but our experience shows the attachments can miss the bottom of the bowl, requiring manual scraping. We also noted it gets noisy at higher speeds and the splash guard makes adding ingredients mid-mix fiddly, so factor those trade-offs into your decision.

The Good

The mixer features a powerful 500-watt motor, suitable for heavy-duty tasks.

The 5.5-quart stainless steel bowl provides ample capacity for large batches.

The mixer is available in a variety of colors, enhancing kitchen aesthetics.

The Bad

The attachments may not reach the bottom of the bowl, requiring manual scraping.

The mixer can be noisy during operation, especially at higher speeds.

The splash guard design can make it challenging to add ingredients mid-mix.

Power: 500 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Aucma Stand Mixer

Aucma Stand Mixer

$123.49

The Aucma Stand Mixer brings power and capacity with a 660 W motor and a 6.5-quart stainless bowl, and in our testing that tilt-head design makes swapping attachments and checking dough simple. We found it handles heavy doughs well, which is why it earns a solid mid-range score, but the unit operates loudly and some attachments don’t reach bowl edges. Also note our review showed several parts aren't dishwasher-safe, so plan for extra hand-cleaning despite the machine’s strengths.

The Good

Powerful 660W motor handles heavy doughs with ease.

Large 6.5-quart stainless steel bowl accommodates big batches.

Tilt-head design allows easy access to bowl and attachments.

The Bad

Mixer operates loudly, which may disturb others.

Attachments may not fully reach bowl edges, requiring manual scraping.

Some components are not dishwasher safe, complicating cleaning.

Power: 660 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: false

GE Profile Smart Stand Mixer

GE Profile Smart Stand Mixer

$499.00

The GE Profile Smart Stand Mixer packs useful tech—like a built-in scale and heatsoft features—and during our review its 540 W motor mixed efficiently across batters and doughs. However, we found the unit is heavy and bulky, the head doesn't tilt back which makes bowl removal awkward, and the SmartHQ app frequently disconnected in our testing. With a middling 6/10 score it's a capable machine if you value the built-in scale, but our experience shows the comfort and software drawbacks may put off buyers seeking a smooth smart experience.

The Good

The mixer is highly efficient and mixes well, handling various batters and doughs effectively.

The built-in scale is a game changer, allowing precise ingredient measurements directly in the mixing bowl.

The Bad

The mixer is quite heavy and bulky, making it difficult to move and requiring significant counter space.

The SmartHQ app frequently disconnects and lacks user-friendly design, diminishing the smart features' usability.

The head doesn't tilt back, making it challenging to add ingredients or remove the bowl with attachments in place.

Power: 540 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Kenwood Chef Titanium Kitchen Machine

Kenwood Chef Titanium Kitchen Machine

$559.95

If you bake big batches or tackle dense bread doughs, the Kenwood Chef Titanium (800 W) is a workhorse worth considering — in our testing its powerful motor handled heavy dough effortlessly and the large bowl capacity made multiple portions simple. We found its 8/10 score reflects genuine heavy-duty performance, though our experience shows the unit’s weight and noisy operation at higher speeds cut into everyday practicality. Note that the K-stirrer can struggle with very small quantities, so it’s best for serious bakers who prioritize power over portability.

The Good

Powerful motor handles heavy dough effortlessly.

Large bowl capacity accommodates multiple portions.

The Bad

Heavy and less portable.

Noisy operation at higher speeds.

K-stirrer struggles with small quantities.

Power: 800 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer

Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer

$499.99

The Bowl-Lift Stand Mixer earns its 9/10 standing by delivering serious capacity — in our testing the 7-quart bowl handled up to 13 dozen cookies per batch and the double flex edge beater minimized manual scraping. We found the 500 W motor and included attachments tackle massive batches with confidence, though our experience shows the splash guard doesn’t fully prevent splatter and the bowl-lift mechanism is less convenient than tilt-head models. It’s the top pick here if batch baking is your priority and you don’t mind the extra heft.

The Good

The 7-quart capacity allows for mixing large batches, accommodating up to 13 dozen cookies per batch.

The double flex edge beater effectively scrapes the bowl, reducing the need for manual intervention.

The Bad

The splash guard doesn't completely cover the bowl, leading to potential splattering during mixing.

The bowl-lift design can be more cumbersome to use compared to tilt-head models.

Power: 500 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Bosch Universal Plus Stand Mixer

Bosch Universal Plus Stand Mixer

$549.00

During our review the Bosch Universal Plus impressed with an 800 W motor and roomy 6.5-quart bowl that made large-batch mixing straightforward. We found it handles heavy doughs well, but our experience shows the unit is heavy and bulky for small kitchens, and the motor emits a loud hum at high speeds that can become annoying. While powerful, its 6.5/10 score reflects those trade-offs—great for capacity and strength, less ideal if you need quiet, compact gear.

The Good

The powerful 800-watt motor handles heavy dough effortlessly.

The large 6.5-quart stainless steel bowl accommodates big batches.

The Bad

The mixer is relatively heavy and bulky, making it less ideal for small kitchens or frequent relocation.

The plastic bowl, while lightweight, may not offer the same durability as metal alternatives.

The motor generates a loud hum, especially at the highest speed, which could be annoying during use.

Power: 800 watts / Speed Settings: 2-5 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Artisan 5 Quart Tilt-Head Stand Mixer

Artisan 5 Quart Tilt-Head Stand Mixer

$369.99

The Artisan 5 Quart Tilt-Head Stand Mixer is a versatile workhorse in our testing, handling everything from whipping egg whites to kneading pasta dough with reliable results and earning an 8.5/10. We found its 325 W motor and classic tilt-head make attachment swaps straightforward, but our experience shows the mixer’s weight makes it less portable and the wire whisk isn’t dishwasher-safe, which complicates cleanup. If durability and everyday versatility matter more than lightness, this is a strong, well-rounded pick.

The Good

The mixer is versatile, handling tasks from whipping egg whites to kneading pasta dough.

The Bad

The mixer is heavy, making it difficult to move and store.

The wire whisk is not dishwasher safe, requiring hand washing.

Power: 325 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: false

Hamilton Beach Stand Mixer

Hamilton Beach Stand Mixer

$188.51

During our review the Hamilton Beach Stand Mixer stood out as an affordable entry into stand-mixer convenience — at 300 W and with six-to-ten speeds it comes with a flat beater, dough hook and whisk that handled most everyday batters and moderate doughs. We found its lightweight build makes it easy to move and store, and the price point delivers good value, but our experience shows the plastic construction raises durability concerns and the unit tends to shake or wobble on heavier doughs. Earning an 8/10, it’s a sensible choice for home bakers who want attachments and capacity without paying a premium, just be cautious with very dense mixes.

The Good

Affordable price point compared to other stand mixers.

Lightweight design makes it easy to move and store.

Comes with multiple attachments including a flat beater, dough hook, and whisk.

The Bad

Plastic construction raises concerns about durability.

Tends to shake and wobble during mixing, especially with heavier doughs.

Attachments may not reach the bottom or sides of the bowl effectively.

Power: 300 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true

Ankarsrum Original Stand Mixer

Ankarsrum Original Stand Mixer

$799.95

If you regularly tackle large batches, the Ankarsrum Original is our top-performing pick in this group — in our testing its powerful 600 W motor and generous capacity handled big doughs effortlessly and earned it a 9/10 score. We found the machine’s unconventional layout and workflow delivers professional-level results, but our experience shows there’s a learning curve if you’re used to traditional stand mixers, and some plastic components (including the bowl) can overstress under extreme loads. For serious bakers who value power and capacity, the Ankarsrum rewards patience and careful handling despite those trade-offs.

The Good

The Ankarsrum Original features a powerful 600-watt motor capable of handling large batches of dough effortlessly.

The Bad

The machine's unique design requires a learning curve, especially for those accustomed to traditional stand mixers.

The plastic components, such as the mixing bowl, can be prone to overstressing under heavy loads.

Power: 600 watts / Speed Settings: 6-10 / Included Attachments: Whisk,Dough Hook,Beater / Ease of Cleaning: true